In *Noise*, Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman, along with co-authors Olivier Sibony and Cass R. Sunstein, exposes a critical flaw in human judgment that has been largely overlooked: random variability. Through rigorous analysis, compelling real-world examples, and a practical framework, this groundbreaking work reveals the pervasive and often staggering degree of inconsistency that plagues decisions across diverse fields, from medicine and law to finance and human resources. The book uniquely utilizes "noise audits" to quantify this variability, making the invisible problem strikingly visible. Counter to the conventional wisdom that bias is the primary driver of errors in judgment, *Noise* demonstrates that random variation often contributes even more significantly to inaccurate and unfair outcomes. Ultimately, Kahneman et al. reveal that while bias is a directional error, noise is statistical chaos, and that by implementing "decision hygiene"—structured processes and aggregated judgments—we can dramatically reduce this variability and create far more reliable and equitable systems; wherever there is judgment, there is noise, and more of it than you think.
